| Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures |
| >>Note: This textbook contains a wealth of information essential for successful experiments at low temperatures. The first chapters describe the low-temperature properties of liquids and solid matter, including liquid helium. The major part of the book is devoted to refrigeration techniques and the physics on which they rely, the definition of temperature, thermometry, and a variety of design and construction techniques. The lively style and practical orientation of this text make it easy to read and particularly useful to anyone beginning research in low-temperature physics. Low-temperature scientists will find it of great value due to its extensive compilation of materials data and relevant new results from thermometry and materials properties, as well as many additional references to the recent literature. Problems are included as well. In addition, this edition also describes newly developed low temperature experimentation techniques and new materials properties. |
| | Properties of Cryoliquids |
| | Solid Matter at Low Temperatures |
| | Thermal Contact and Thermal Isolation |
| | Helium-4 Cryostats and Closed-Cycle Refrigerators |
| | Helium-3 Cryostats with External Pumps |
| | Helium-3 Cryostats with Internal Adsorption Pumps |
| | The 3He-4He Dilution Refrigerator |
| | Refrigeration by Solidification of Liquid 3He: Pomeranchuck Cooling |
| | Phase and Entropy Diagrams of 4He |
| | Entropies of Liquid and Solid 3He |
| | Refrigeration by Adiabatic Demagnetization of a Paramagnetic Salt |
| | The Principle of Magnetic Refrigeration |
| | Thermodynamics of Magnetic Refrigeration |
| | Non-Interacting Magnetic Dipoles in a Magnetic Field |
| | Paramagnetic Salts and Magnetic Refrigerators |
| | Refrigeration by Adiabatic Nuclear Demagnetization |
| | Temperature Scales and Temperature Fixed Points |
| | Low-Temperature Thermometry |
| | Miscellaneous Cryogenic Devices and Design Aids |
| | Some Comments on Low-Temperature Electronics |
| | Suppliers of Cryogenic Equipment and Materials |
| | Miscellaneous Cryogenic Devices and Design Aids |
| | Cryogenic Pressure Transducers for Thermometry and Manometry |
| | Capacitive Pressure Transducers |
| | Inductive Pressure Transducers |
| | Small Magnets and Magnet Leads |
| | Small Superconducting Magnets and Magnet Leads |
| | Small Pulsed Normal-Conducting Magnets |
| | Shielding Against Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Fields Inside of Shields |
| | Normal-Conducting Shields |
| | Magnetic Fields Inside of Shields |
| | Torsional and Translational Oscillators |
| | Double-Paddle Oscillators |
| | Composite Torsional Oscillators |
| | Sintered Metal Heat Exchangers |
| | Low-Temperature Motors and Rotators |
| | Optical Experiments at Low Temperatures |
| | Electronic Tunnel-Junction Refrigerators |
| | Coaxial Cables and Feedthroughs |
| | Purification of 3He from 4He Impurities, and Vice Versa |
| | Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures |
| | Properties of Cryoliquids |
| | Liquid Air, Liquid Oxygen, Liquid Nitrogen |
| | Some Properties of the Helium Isotopes |
| | Latent Heat of Evaporation and Vapour Pressure |
| | Transport Properties of Liquid 3He: Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity |
| | Liquid 3He and 3He-4He Mixtures at Millikelvin Temperatures |
| | Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures |
| | Solid Matter at Low Temperatures |
| | The Low-Temperature Specific Heat of Copper and Platinum |
| | Specific Heat of Some Selected Materials |
| | Calorimetry or How to Measure Heat Capacities |
| | Magnetic Susceptibilities |
| | Magnetic Susceptibilities of Some Selected Materials |
| | How to Measure Susceptibilities and Magnetizations |
| | Lattice Conductivity: Phonons |
| | Electronic Thermal Conductivity |
| | Thermal Conductivity at Low Temperatures |
| | Relation Between Thermal and Electrical Conductivity: The Wiedemann-Franz Law |
| | Influence of Impurities on Conductivity |
| | Thermal Conductivities of Copper, Silver and Aluminum at Low Temperatures |
| | How to Measure Thermal Conductivities |
| | Thermal Expansion of Solids |
| | Dilatometers or How to Measure Thermal Expansions |
| | Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures |
| | Low-Temperature Thermometry |
| | Helium Vapour Pressure Thermometry |
| | Helium Melting Pressure Thermometry |
| | Doped-Germanium and Carbon Resistors |
| | Oxide Compounds: RuO2 and Cernox Thermometers |
| | Coulomb Blockade Thermometry |
| | Magnetic Thermometry with Electronic Paramagnets |
| | Magnetic Thermometry with Nuclear Paramagnets |
| | Non-Resonant, Integral Detection of Nuclear Magnetization |
| | Selective Excitation but Non-Resonant Detection of Nuclear Magnetization |
| | Resonant Excitation and Resonant Detection of Nuclear Magnetization |
| | Magnetic Thermometry via Anisotropy of Gamma Rays |
| | Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures |
| | Refrigeration by Adiabatic Nuclear Demagnetization |
| | Some Equations Relevant for Nuclear Refrigeration |
| | Differences in Nuclear and Electronic Demagnetization |
| | Interaction Between Conduction Electrons and Nuclei |
| | Nucleus-Electron Coupling |
| | Influence of an External Heat Load and the Optimum Final Magnetic Field |
| | Internal, Time-Dependent Heat Leaks |
| | Heating from Radioactivity and High-Energy Particles |
| | Hyperfine Enhanced Nuclear Refrigeration |
| | Nuclear Demagnetization Refrigerators |
| | Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures |
| | The 3He-3He Dilution Refrigerator |
| | Properties of Liquid 3He-4He Mixtures |
| | Phase Diagram and Solubility |
| | 3He-4He Mixtures as Fermi Liquids |
| | Finite Solubility of 3He in 4He |
| | Cooling Power of the Dilution Process |
| | Realization of a 3He-4He Dilution Refrigerator |
| | Properties of the Main Components of a 3He-4He Dilution Refrigerator |
| | Examples of 3He-4He Dilution Refrigerators |
| | Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures |
| | Helium-4 Cryostats and Closed-Cycle Refrigerators |
| | Use of Liquid 4He in Low-Temperature Equipment |
| | Running Phase of the Experiment |
| | Double-Walled Glass Dewars |
| | Cryostats with Variable Temperature for 1.3K ? T ? 4.2K |
| | Closed-Cycle Refrigerators |
| | Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures |
| | Temperature Scales and Temperature Fixed Points |
| | Thermodynamic Temperature |
| | The International Temperature Scale ITS-90 |
| | The New Provisional Low-Temperature Scale PLTS-2000 |
| | Practical but not Officially Accepted Low-Temperature Fixed Points |
| | The NBS Superconducting Fixed-Point Device |
| | The SRD 1000 Superconducting Fixed-Point Device |
| | The Superfluid Transition of Liquid 4He |
| | Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures |
| | Thermal Contact and Thermal Isolation |
| | Selection of the Material with the Appropriate Cryogenic Thermal Conductivity |
| | Gaseous and Mechanical Heat Switches |
| | Superconducting Heat Switches |
| | Thermal Boundary Resistance |
| | Boundary Resistance Between Metals |
| | Boundary Resistance Between Liquid Helium and Solids |
| | Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures |
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