THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Laws Of Variation, Summary |
| Laws Of Variation - Use And Disuse, Etc |
| Laws Of Variation - Correlated Variability |
| Causes Which Interfere With The Free Crossing Of Varieties - Influence Of Domestication On Fertility |
| On The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Changed Conditions Of Life: Sterility From Various Causes |
| Direct And Definite Action Of The External Conditions Of Life |
| On The Good Effects Of Crossing, And On The Evil Effects Of Close Interbreeding |
| Fixedness Of Character - Prepotency - Sexual Limitation - Correspondence Of Age |
| Provisional Hypothesis Of Pangenesis |
| Cats, Crossed With Several Species |
| Direct Effects Of The Conditions Of Life |
| Different Breeds Found Only In Separated Countries |
| Ancient Varieties Of The Dog |
| Pigs - Cattle - Sheep - Goats |
| On Bud-Variation, And On Certain Anomalous Modes Of Reproduction And Variation |
| Duck - Goose - Peacock - Turkey - Guinea-Fowl - Canary-Bird - Gold-Fish - Hive-Bees - Silk-Moths |
| Cultivated Plants: Cereal And Culinary Plants |
| Plants: Fruits - Ornamental Trees - Flowers |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN 1883 |
| Provisional Hypothesis Of Pangenesis |
| The Facts To Be Connected Under A Single Point Of View, Namely, The Various Kinds Of Reproduction |
| Regrowth Of Amputated Parts |
| The Direct Action Of The Male Element On The Female |
| The Functional Independence Of The Units Of The Body |
| Statement Of The Hypothesis |
| How Far The Necessary Assumptions Are Improbable |
| Explanation By Aid Of The Hypothesis Of The Several Classes Of Facts Specified In The First Part |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Pigs - Cattle - Sheep - Goats |
| Pigs Belong To Two Distinct Types, Sus Scrofa And Indicus |
| Young Pigs Longitudinally Striped |
| Decrease In Size Of The Tusks |
| Curious Appendages To The Jaws |
| Changes In The Skull Of The Highly Cultivated Races |
| Fertility Of Crossed Pigs |
| European Cattle Probably Descended From Three Wild Forms |
| All The Races Now Fertile Together |
| On The Colour Of The Aboriginal Species |
| Constitutional Differences |
| Origin Of The Various Races Of Cattle |
| Variations Attached To The Male Sex |
| Adaptations To Various Conditions |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| On The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Changed Conditions Of Life: Sterility From Various Causes |
| On The Good Derived From Slight Changes In The Conditions Of Life |
| Sterility From Changed Conditions, In Animals, In Their Native Country And In Menageries |
| Mammals, Birds, And Insects |
| Loss Of Secondary Sexual Characters And Of Instincts |
| Sterility Of Domesticated Animals From Changed Conditions |
| Sexual Incompatibility Of Individual Animals |
| Sterility Of Plants From Changed Conditions Of Life |
| Contabescence Of The Anthers |
| Monstrosities As A Cause Of Sterility |
| Sterility From The Excessive Development Of The Organs Of Vegetation |
| Incipient Sterility The Primary Cause Of Double Flowers And Seedless Fruit |
| From Long-Continued Propagation By Buds |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Brief Descriptions Of The Chief Breeds |
| Arguments In Favour Of Their Descent From Several Species |
| Arguments In Favour Of All The Breeds Having Descended From Gallus Bankiva |
| Reversion To The Parent-Stock In Colour |
| Ancient History Of The Fowl |
| External Differences Between The Several Breeds |
| Secondary Sexual Characters |
| Wing-And Tail-Feathers, Voice, Disposition, Etc |
| Osteological Differences In The Skull, Vertebrae, Etc |
| Effects Of Use And Disuse On Certain Parts |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Differences In The Breeds |
| Individual Variability Of |
| Direct Effects Of The Conditions Of Life |
| Breeds Much Modified By Selection |
| Dark Stripes On The Spine, Legs, Shoulders, And Forehead |
| Dun-Coloured Horses Most Frequently Striped |
| Stripes Probably Due To Reversion To The Primitive State Of The Horse |
| Leg- And Shoulder-Stripes |
| Shoulder-Stripes Sometimes Absent, Sometimes Forked |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Fixedness Of Character - Prepotency - Sexual Limitation - Correspondence Of Age |
| Ixedness Of Character Apparently Not Due To Antiquity Of Inheritance |
| Prepotency Of Transmission In Individuals Of The Same Family, In Crossed Breeds And Species |
| Often Stronger In One Sex Than The Other |
| Sometimes Due To The Same Character Being Present And Visible In One Breed And Latent In The Other |
| Inheritance As Limited By Sex |
| Newly-Acquired Characters In Our Domesticated Animals Often Transmitted By One Sex Alone, Sometimes Lost By One Sex Alone |
| Inheritance At Corresponding Periods Of Life |
| The Importance Of The Principle With Respect To Embryology |
| As Exhibited In Domesticated Animals: As Exhibited In The Appearance And Disappearance Of Inherited Diseases |
| Sometimes Supervening Earlier In The Child Than In The Parent |
| Summary Of The Three Preceding Chapters |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Slight Changes Sufficient |
| Variability From The Commingling Of Characters And From Reversion |
| Variability Does Not Necessarily Accompany Reproduction |
| Causes Assigned By Various Authors |
| Variability Of Every Kind Due To Changed Conditions Of Life |
| On The Nature Of Such Changes |
| Climate, Food, Excess Of Nutriment |
| Effects Of Grafting On The Variability Of Seedling-Trees |
| Domestic Productions Become Habituated To Changed Conditions |
| On The Accumulative Action Of Changed Conditions |
| Close Interbreeding And The Imagination Of The Mother Supposed To Cause Variability |
| Crossing As A Cause Of The Appearance Of New Characters |
| On The Manner And Period Of Action Of The Causes Which Either Directly, Or Indirectly Through The Reproductive System, Induce Variability |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Selection A Difficult Art |
| Methodical, Unconscious, And Natural Selection |
| Results Of Methodical Selection |
| Selection Carried On By The Ancients And By Semi-Civilised People |
| Unimportant Characters Often Attended To |
| As Circumstances Slowly Change, So Have Our Domesticated Animals Changed Through The Action Of Unconscious Selection |
| Influence Of Different Breeders On The Same Sub-Variety |
| Plants As Affected By Unconscious Selection |
| Effects Of Selection As Shown By The Great Amount Of Difference In The Parts Most Valued By Man |
| Natural Selection As Affecting Domestic Productions |
| Characters Which Appear Of Trifling Value Often Of Real Importance |
| Circumstances Favourable To Selection By Man |
| Facility In Preventing Crosses, And The Nature Of The Conditions |
| Close Attention And Perseverance Indispensable |
| The Production Of A Large Number Of Individuals Especially Favourable |
| When No Selection Is Applied, Distinct Races Are Not Formed |
| Highly-Bred Animals Liable To Degeneration |
| Tendency In Man To Carry The Selection Of Each Character To An Extreme Point, Leading To Divergence Of Character, Rarely To Convergence |
| Characters Continuing To Vary In The Same Direction In Which They Have Already Varied |
| Divergence Of Character, With The Extinction Of Intermediate Varieties, Leads To Distinctness In Our Domestic Races |
| Limit To The Power Of Selection |
| Manner In Which Domestic Races Have Originated |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Domestic Rabbits Descended From The Common Wild Rabbit |
| Origin Of The Himalayan Breed |
| Curious Case Of Inheritance |
| Feral Rabbits In Jamaica And The Falkland Islands |
| Porto Santo Feral Rabbits |
| Skull Of Half-Lop Rabbits |
| Variations In The Skull Analogous To Differences In Different Species Of Hares |
| Effects Of Use And Disuse On The Proportions Of The Limbs And Body |
| Capacity Of The Skull And Reduced Size Of The Brain |
| Summary On The Modifications Of Domesticated Rabbits |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Causes Which Interfere With The Free Crossing Of Varieties - Influence Of Domestication On Fertility |
| Difficulties In Judging Of The Fertility Of Varieties When Crossed |
| Various Causes Which Keep Varieties Distinct, As The Period Of Breeding And Sexual Preference |
| Varieties Of Wheat Said To Be Sterile When Crossed |
| Varieties Of Maize, Verbascum, Hollyhock, Gourds, Melons, And Tobacco, Rendered In Some Degree Mutually Sterile |
| Domestication Eliminates The Tendency To Sterility Natural To Species When Crossed |
| On The Increased Fertility Of Uncrossed Animals And Plants From Domestication And Cultivation |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Wonderful Nature Of Inheritance |
| Pedigrees Of Our Domesticated Animals |
| Inheritance Not Due To Chance |
| Trifling Characters Inherited |
| Peculiarities In The Eye Inherited |
| Asymmetrical Deviations Of Structure |
| Polydactylism And Regrowth Of Supernumerary Digits After Amputation |
| Cases Of Several Children Similarly Affected From Non-Affected Parents |
| Weak And Fluctuating Inheritance: In Weeping Trees, In Dwarfness, Colour Of Fruit And Flowers |
| Non-Inheritance In Certain Cases |
| Inheritance Of Structure And Habits Overborne By Hostile Conditions Of Life, By Incessantly Recurring Variability, And By Reversion |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Enumeration And Description Of The Several Breeds |
| Variations Of A Remarkable Nature |
| Osteological Characters: Skull, Lower Jaw, Number Of Vertebr? |
| Correlation Of Growth: Tongue With Beak; Eyelids And Nostrils With Wattled Skin |
| Summary On The Points Of Difference In The Several Breeds |
| Webbed And Feathered Feet |
| Length Of Feet In Correlation With Length Of Beak |
| Length Of Sternum, Scapula, And Furculum |
| Number Of Wing-Feathers And Length Of Wing |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Different Forms Of Reversion |
| In Pure Or Uncrossed Breeds, As In Pigeons, Fowls, Hornless Cattle And Sheep, In Cultivated Plants |
| Reversion In Feral Animals And Plants |
| Reversion In Crossed Varieties And Species |
| Reversion Through Bud-Propagation, And By Segments In The Same Flower Or Fruit |
| In Different Parts Of The Body In The Same Animal |
| The Act Of Crossing A Direct Cause Of Reversion, Various Cases Of, With Instincts |
| Secondary Sexual Characters |
| Unequal Development Of The Two Sides Of The Body |
| Other Proximate Causes Of Reversion |
| Appearance With Advancing Age Of Characters Derived From A Cross |
| The Germ, With All Its Latent Characters, A Wonderful Object |
| Peloric Flowers Due In Some Cases To Reversion |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| On Bud-Variation, And On Certain Anomalous Modes Of Reproduction And Variation |
| Bud-Variation In The Peach, Plum, Cherry, Vine, Gooseberry, Currant, And Banana, As Shown By The Modified Fruit |
| In Flowers: Camellias, Azaleas, Chrysanthemums, Roses, Etc |
| On The Running Of The Colour In Carnations |
| Variations By Suckers, Tubers, And Bulbs |
| On The Breaking Of Tulips |
| Bud-Variations Graduate Into Changes Consequent On Changed Conditions Of Life |
| On The Segregation Of The Parental Characters In Seminal Hybrids By Bud-Variation |
| On The Direct Or Immediate Action Of Foreign Pollen On The Mother-Plant |
| On The Effects Of A Previous Impregnation On The Subsequent Offspring Of Female Animals |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Duck - Goose - Peacock - Turkey - Guinea-Fowl - Canary-Bird - Gold-Fish - Hive-Bees - Silk-Moths |
| Origin Of Black-Shouldered Breed Turkey, Breeds Of |
| Crossed With The United States Species |
| Silk-Moths, Species And Breeds Of |
| Differences In The Different Races |
| In The Egg, Caterpillar, And Cocoon States |
| Inheritance Of Characters |
| Progress Of Domestication |
| Origin Of From The Common Wild-Duck |
| Differences In The Different Breeds |
| Effects Of Use And Disuse On The Limb-Bones |
| Guinea-Fowl, Canary-Bird, Gold-Fish, Hive-Bee |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Laws Of Variation, Summary |
| The Fusion Of Homologous Parts |
| The Variability Of Multiple And Homologous Parts |
| Relative Position Of Flowers With Respect To The Axis, And Of Seeds In The Ovary, As Inducing Variation |
| Analogous Or Parallel Varieties |
| Summary Of The Three Last Chapters |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Laws Of Variation - Use And Disuse, Etc |
| Nisus Formativus, Or The Co-Ordinating Power Of The Organisation |
| On The Effects Of The Increased Use And Disuse Of Organs |
| Acclimatisation With Animals And Plants |
| Various Methods By Which This Can Be Effected |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Free Intercrossing Obliterates The Differences Between Allied Breeds |
| When The Numbers Of Two Commingling Breeds Are Unequal, One Absorbs The Other |
| The Rate Of Absorption Determined By Prepotency Of Transmission, By The Conditions Of Life, And By Natural Selection |
| All Organic Beings Occasionally Intercross; Apparent Exceptions |
| On Certain Characters Incapable Of Fusion; Chiefly Or Exclusively Those Which Have Suddenly Appeared In The Individual |
| On The Modification Of Old Races, And The Formation Of New Races By Crossing |
| Some Crossed Races Have Bred True From Their First Production |
| On The Crossing Of Distinct Species In Relation To The Formation Of Domestic Races |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| On The Good Effects Of Crossing, And On The Evil Effects Of Close Interbreeding |
| Melons, Fruit-Trees, Peas, Cabbages, Wheat, And Forest-Trees |
| General Evidence Of The Good Effects Derived From Crossing, And On The Evil Effects Of Close Interbreeding |
| Cattle, Closely Interbred; Half-Wild Cattle Long Kept In The Same Parks |
| On Certain Plants Which Either Normally Or Abnormally Are Self-Impotent, But Are Fertile, Both On The Male And Female Side, When Crossed With Distinct Individuals Either Of The Same Or Another Species |
| On The Increased Size Of Hybrid Plants, Not Exclusively Due To Their Sterility |
| Plants, General Considerations On The Benefits Derived From Crossing |
| Augmentation Of Morbid Tendencies |
| Definition Of Close Interbreeding |
| Man, Origin Of His Abhorrence Of Incestuous Marriages |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Laws Of Variation - Correlated Variability |
| Connected With Development |
| Explanation Of Term Correlation |
| Modifications Correlated With The Increased Or Decreased Size Of Parts |
| Correlated Variation Of Homologous Parts |
| Feathered Feet In Birds Assuming The Structure Of The Wings |
| Correlation Between The Head And The Extremities |
| Between The Skin And Dermal Appendages |
| Between The Organs Of Sight And Hearing |
| Correlated Modifications In The Organs Of Plants |
| Skull And Crest Of Feathers |
| Correlation Between The Skull And Ears |
| Correlation Of Growth Complicated By The Accumulated Effects Of Natural Selection |
| Colour As Correlated With Constitutional Peculiarities |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Nature And Causes Of Variability |
| Divergence And Distinctness Of Character |
| Circumstances Favourable To Selection By Man |
| Antiquity Of Certain Races |
| The Question Whether Each Particular Variation Has Been Specially Preordained |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Cultivated Plants: Cereal And Culinary Plants |
| Preliminary Remarks On The Number And Parentage Of Cultivated Plants |
| Doubts On The Number Of Species |
| Ancient History Of The Varieties |
| Maize: Great Variation Of |
| Direct Action Of Climate On |
| First Steps In Cultivation |
| Geographical Distribution Of Cultivated Plants |
| Cabbages: Varieties Of, In Foliage And Stems, But Not In Other Parts |
| Other Species Of Brassica |
| Peas: Amount Of Difference In The Several Kinds, Chiefly In The Pods And Seed |
| Some Varieties Constant, Some Highly Variable |
| Potatoes: Numerous Varieties Of |
| Differ Little Except In The Tubers |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Wild Races Of The Rock-Pigeon |
| Proofs Of The Descent Of The Several Races From Columba Livia |
| Fertility Of The Races When Crossed |
| Circumstances Favourable To The Formation Of The Races |
| On The Aboriginal Parent-Stock Of The Several Domestic Races |
| Slightly Different Strains Gradually Change Into Well-Marked Breeds |
| Extinction Of Intermediate Forms |
| Certain Breeds Remain Permanent, Whilst Others Change |
| Manner Of Their Formation |
| Antiquity And History Of The Principal Races |
| Reversion To The Plumage Of The Wild Rock-Pigeon |
| Care Taken By Fanciers In Selecting Their Birds |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Plants: Fruits - Ornamental Trees - Flowers |
| Multiple Origin Of Many Kinds |
| Variation In Constitutional Peculiarities |
| Several Species Cultivated |
| Their Variation In Degree And Kind |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Direct And Definite Action Of The External Conditions Of Life |
| Conspicuous Modifications From Changed Climate Or Food, Etc |
| Slight Modifications In Plants From The Definite Action Of Changed Conditions, In Size, Colour, Chemical Properties, And In The State Of The Tissues |
| Plumage Of Birds Affected By Peculiar Nutriment, And By The Inoculation Of Poison |
| Modifications Of Organic Beings In A State Of Nature Through The Definite Action Of External Conditions |
| Comparison Of American And European Trees |
| Considerations Opposed To The Belief In The Potent Influence Of Changed External Conditions |
| Amount Of Variation Does Not Correspond With The Degree Of Change In The Conditions |
| Monstrosities Produced By Unnatural Treatment |
| Parallel Series Of Varieties |
| Effects Of Parasitic Fungi |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Pigs Belong To Two Distinct Types, Sus Scrofa And Indicus |
| Fertility Of Crossed Pigs |
| Changes In The Skull Of The Highly Cultivated Races |
| Curious Appendages To The Jaws |
| Decrease In Size Of The Tusks |
| Young Pigs Longitudinally Striped |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Summary ... With Remarks On Hybridism |
| On The Effects Of Crossing |
| The Influence Of Domestication On Fertility |
| Good And Evil Results From Changed Conditions Of Life |
| Varieties When Crossed Not Invariably Fertile |
| On The Difference In Fertility Between Crossed Species And Varieties |
| Conclusions With Respect To Hybridism |
| Light Thrown On Hybridism By The Illegitimate Progeny Of Heterostyled Plants |
| Sterility Of Crossed Species Due To Differences Confined To The Reproductive System |
| Not Accumulated Through Natural Selection |
| Reasons Why Domestic Varieties Are Not Mutually Sterile |
| Too Much Stress Has Been Laid On The Difference In Fertility Between Crossed Species And Crossed Varieties |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Variation In Their Stones |
| Singular Results From Crossing |
| Vary In Odd And Trifling Particulars |
| Interblending Of The Original Forms |
| Steady Increase In Size Of The Fruit |
| THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION by CHARLES DARWIN |
| Ancient Varieties Of The Dog |
| Fertility Of The Races When Crossed |
| History Of The Changes Which Certain English Races Of The Dog Have Gradually Undergone Through Selection |
| Extinction Of The Less Improved Sub-Breeds |
| Few Important Differences Have Been Fixed By Selection |
| Differences In The Body, In Constitution |
| Differences In The Skull And Teeth |
| Animals Not Acquainted With Man At First Fearless |
| Differences In The Several Races In Part Due To Descent From Distinct Species |
| Resemblance Of Domestic Dogs In Various Countries To Native Canine Species |
| Habit Of Barking Acquired And Lost |
| Dogs Resembling Wolves And Jackals |
| Water-Dogs With Palmated Feet |
| |