| >>Note: Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or emotional wellbeing or an absence of a mental disorder. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology or holism mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. The World Health Organization states that there is no one "official" definition of mental health. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how "mental health" is defined. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health] |
| | >>Note: The treatment of mental disorders date back to medieval Muslim physicians from the 8th to 15th centuries. An early concept of mental hygiene was introduced by the Muslim physician Abu Zayd al-Balkhi (d. 934), who often related it to spiritual health. In the mid-19th century, William Sweetzer was the first to clearly define the term "mental hygiene". Isaac Ray, one of thirteen founders of the American Psychiatric Association, further defined mental hygiene as an art to preserve the mind against incidents and influences which would inhibit or destroy its energy, quality or development. At the beginning of the 20th century, Clifford Whittingham Beers founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene and opened the first outpatient mental health clinic in the United States. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health#History] |
| | >>Note: Mental health can be seen as a continuum, wherein an individual's mental health may have many different possible values. Mental wellness is generally viewed as a positive attribute, such that a person can reach enhanced levels of mental health, even if they do not have any diagnosable mental health condition. This definition of mental health highlights emotional well being, the capacity to live a full and creative life, and the flexibility to deal with life's inevitable challenges. Many therapeutic systems and self-help books offer methods and philosophies espousing strategies and techniques vaunted as effective for further improving the mental wellness of otherwise healthy people. Positive psychology is increasingly prominent in mental health. A holistic model of mental health generally includes concepts based upon anthropological, educational, psychological, religious and sociological perspectives, as well as theoretical perspectives from personality, social, clinical, health and developmental psychology. An example of a wellness model includes one developed by Myers, Sweeny and Witmer. It includes five life tasks — essence or spirituality, work and leisure, friendship, love and self-direction—and twelve sub tasks—sense of worth, sense of control, realistic beliefs, emotional awareness and coping, problem solving and creativity, sense of humor, nutrition, exercise, self care, stress management, gender identity, and cultural identity—are identified as characteristics of healthy functioning and a major component of wellness. The components provide a means of responding to the circumstances of life in a manner that promotes healthy functioning. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health#Mental_wellbeing] |
| | >>Note: Positive psychology is a recent branch of scientific psychology that "studies the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive." People have been discussing the question of human happiness since at least Ancient Greece. Psychology has been criticized (Seligman, 2002) as primarily dedicated to addressing mental illness rather than mental "wellness". Several humanistic psychologists—such as Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Erich Fromm—developed successful theories and practices that involved human happiness despite there being a lack of solid empirical evidence at the time behind their work, and especially that of their successors, who chose to emphasize phenomenology and individual case histories. Current empirical researchers in this subfield include Donald Clifton, Albert Bandura, Martin Seligman, Ed Diener, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, C. R. Snyder, Christopher Peterson, Shelley Taylor, Barbara Fredrickson, Charles S. Carver, Michael F. Scheier, and Jonathan Haidt. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology] |
| | Lack of a mental disorder |
| | >>Note: Hyperlink: Mental health can also be defined as an absence of a major mental health condition. |
| | Cultural and religious considerations |
| | >>Note: Mental health can be socially constructed and socially defined; that is, different professions, communities, societies and cultures have very different ways of conceptualizing its nature and causes, determining what is mentally healthy, and deciding what interventions are appropriate. Thus, different professionals will have different cultural and religious backgrounds and experiences, which may impact the methodology applied during treatment. Many mental health professionals are beginning to, or already understand, the importance of competency in religious diversity and spirituality. The American Psychological Association explicitly states that religion must be respected. Education in spiritual and religious matters is also required by the American Psychiatric Association. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health#Cultural_and_religious_considerations] |
| | >>Note: A number of professions have developed specializing in mental disorders, including the medical speciality of psychiatry, divisions of psychology known as clinical psychology, abnormal psychology, positive psychology, clinical or mental health social work, mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, psychotherapists, counselors and public Health professionals. Different clinical and academic professions tend to favor differing models, explanations and goals. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health#Mental_health_profession] |
| | >>Note: The World Health Organization (WHO) defines mental health as a 'state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community'. The term Global Mental Health refers to the international perspective on different aspects of mental health. Taking into account cultural differences and country-specific conditions, it deals with epidemiology of mental disorders in different countries, their treatment options, mental health education, political and financial aspects, the structure of mental health care systems, human resources in mental health and human rights issues among others. The overall aim of the field of Global Mental Health is to strengthen mental health all over the world by providing information about the mental health situation in all countries and identifying mental health needs in order to develop cost-effective interventions to meet those specific needs. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Mental_Health] |
| | International Mental Health (IMH) |
| | >>Note: Institute of Psychiatry International Mental Health, IMH (King’s College, London, UK) is a cross-departmental centre for investigators from the IoP and collaborating overseas institutions, actively researching in the area of international mental health. Key aims of IMH at IoP: 1) To promote comparative research with a cross-national perspective, involving: a) Collaborative work with developing and restructuring countries, also to include comparisons with and between developed country settings. b) Studies of the mental health of ethnic minorities and migrants in developed countries. 2) To build and extend collaborations in teaching, training and research with our overseas partners. 3) To contribute to the evidence base for public mental health policy. 4) To provide a focus for the development, efficient conduct and dissemination of our international research programmes. 5) To develop agreed research priorities, valid research methodologies and ethical frameworks for mental health research in the developing world. |
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