SI 110 - Abbate, Government, Business, and the Making of the Internet |
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Internet
- originally ARPANET
funded by ARPA (DoD)
withstand nuclear attack?
not really
details made public
adaptable to military needs
encourage researchers to share
software
data
access to powerful computers
expected technical details remain non-proprietary
lack of accounting or billing
splashy demo at 1972 computing conference
- operation
1980s NSF
1990s private sector
tried to give to AT&T
analog engineers hesitent to take on digital technology
didn't think data communications would grow fast
packet switching
different routes
data streams split up into packets
- RFCs
proposed
debated
standardized
"Requests for Comments"
new protocals
add-on applications
email
WWW
- Telenet
startup
common-carrier
GM computing at different sites
phone companies gained interest in 1980s
unexpected high use of email
collection of various networks
- TCP/IP
Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn
shifted control to the perifery
allowed networks to drop packets
end hosts ensured packets got through by way of ack requests
by 1983 the ARPANET had been fully converted to the TCP/IP standard.
legacies from ARPA
diversity of member networks
decentralization of control
use of nonproprietary software standards
- OSI standards
issued in 78
widely adopted outside US
US standards converged on OSIs
- first commercial online systems
AOL
CompuServe
Prodigy
at first did not offer internet access
- WWW
1990
Mosaic
commercial version of Netscape started in 1994
difference between nonprofit and business technology
research-oriented design
Mark I
Donald Davies
1965
business oriented
would be run by British Post Office
didn't want to
special purpose network terminals
hardward couldn't adapt
- special purpose networks
Tymshare
private timesharing network
local access points
dialup
did not use packet switching
single central facility
SABRE
American Airlines
2000 terminals
book tickets in real time
NASDAQ
1700 terminals
hardware network devices
hardware manufactures wanted to support hooking their systems together
proprietary protocals
licence fee for use of protocol
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