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Radiation Materials

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Radiation Materials
>>Note: Radiation Materials Science teaches readers the fundamentals of the effects of radiation on metals and alloys. When energetic particles strike a solid, numerous processes occur that can change the physical and mechanical properties of the material. Metals and alloys represent an important class of materials that, by virtue of their use in nuclear reactor cores, are subject to intense radiation fields. Radiation causes metals and alloys to swell, distort, blister, harden, soften and deform. This textbook and reference covers the basics of particle-atom interaction for a range of particle types, the amount and spatial extent of the resulting radiation damage, the physical effects of irradiation and the changes in mechanical behavior of irradiated metals and alloys. Concepts are developed systematically and quantitatively, supported by examples, references for further reading and problems at the end of each chapter. Beyond addressing students enrolling for a materials sciences or nuclear engineering degree, the book will benefit professionals in laboratories, reactor manufacturers and specialists working in the utility industry
  Mechanical Effects of Radiation Damage
  Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Irradiated Metals and Alloys
  Irradiation Hardening and Deformation
  Fracture and Embrittlement
  Irradiation Creep and Growth
  Radiation Damage
  The Damage Cascade
  The Displacement of Atoms
  The Radiation Damage Event
  Physical Effects of Radiation Damage
  Radiation-Induced Segregation
  Dislocation Microstructure
  Irradiation-Induced Voids and Bubbles
  Phase Stability Under Irradiation
  Unique Effects of Ion Irradiation
 >>New Map
 Mechanical Effects of Radiation Damage
  Irradiation Hardening and Deformation
  Deformation in Irradiated Metals
  DeformationMechanismMaps
  LocalizedDeformation
  Irradiation Hardening
  Elastic and Plastic Deformation
  Elasticity
  Plasticity
  Tension Test
  Yield Strength
  Fracture and Embrittlement
  Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Irradiated Metals and Alloys
  Irradiation Creep and Growth
  Irradiation Growth and Creep in Zirconium Alloys
  Microstructure of Irradiated Zirconium Alloys
  Irradiation Growth
  Irradiation Creep
  Irradiation Creep
  Thermal Creep
  Dislocation Creep
  Diffusional Creep
 Radiation Materials
 >>New Map
 Radiation Damage
  The Radiation Damage Event
  Ionization Collisions
  Interactions Between Ions andAtoms
  Neutron-Nucleus Interactions
  The Displacement of Atoms
  Displacement Rates
  The Displacement Cross Section
  Elementary Displacement Theory
  Displacements from Charged Particle Irradiation
  The Damage Cascade
  Behavior of Defects within the Cascade
  Stages of Cascade Development
  Displacement Mean Free Path
  Primary Recoil Spectrum
  Point Defect Formation and Diffusion
  Radiation-Enhanced and Diffusion Defect Reaction Rate Theory
 Radiation Materials
 >>New Map
 Physical Effects of Radiation Damage
  Radiation-Induced Segregation
  Dislocation Microstructure
  Irradiation-Induced Voids and Bubbles
  Phase Stability Under Irradiation
  Unique Effects of Ion Irradiation
  Simulation of Neutron Irradiation Effects with Ions
  Motivation for Using Ion Irradiation as a Surrogate for Neutron Irradiation
  Review of Aspects of Radiation Damage Relevant to Ion Irradiation
  Particle Type Dependence of RIS
  Advantages and Disadvantages of the Various Particle Types
  Electrons
  Heavy Ions
  Protons
  Irradiation Parameters for Particle Irradiations
  Emulation of Neutron Irradiation Damage with Proton Irradiation
 Radiation Materials
 >>New Map
 Dislocation Microstructure
  Dislocation Lines
  DislocationMotion
  Description of a Dislocation
  Displacements, Strains and Stresses
  Energy of a Dislocation
  Line Tension of a Dislocation
  Forces on a Dislocation
  Interactions Between Dislocations
  Extended Dislocations
  Kinks and Jogs
  ExtendedDefects
  Evolution of the Interstitial Loop Microstructure
  Faulted Loops and Stacking Fault Tetrahedra
  Defect Clusters
  Fraction of Defects Forming Clusters
  Types of Clusters
  Cluster Mobility
  Effective Defect Production
  Nucleation and Growth of Dislocation Loops
  LoopNucleation
  Clustering Theory
  Production Bias-Driven Cluster Nucleation
  Dislocation LoopGrowth
  Recovery
 Radiation Materials
 
 Physical Effects of Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 Irradiation-Induced Voids and Bubbles
  Void Nucleation
  Equilibrium Void Size Distribution
  Void Nucleation Rate
  Effect of Inert Gas
  Void Nucleation with Production Bias
  Void Growth
  Defect Absorption Rates and Concentrations at Sink Surfaces
  Point Defect Balances
  Void Growth Equation
  TemperatureDependence
  Dose Dependence
  Role of Dislocations as Biased Sinks
  Dose Rate Dependence
  Irradiation Variable Shifts
  Stress Dependence
  Effect of RIS
  Effect of Production Bias
  Void Lattices
  0 Effect of Microstructure and Composition
  Effect of Reactor Operating History
  Bubble Growth
  Bubble Mechanics
  Growth Law
  Bubble Growth by Dislocation Loop Punching
  Bubble Lattices
  Helium Production
 Radiation Materials
 
 Physical Effects of Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 Phase Stability Under Irradiation
  Radiation-Induced Segregation and Radiation-Induced Precipitation
  Recoil Dissolution
  Radiation Disordering
  Incoherent Precipitate Nucleation
  Coherent Precipitate Nucleation
  Metastable Phases
  Order-Disorder Transformations
  Crystal Structure Transformations
  Quasicrystal Formation
  Amorphization
  Heat of Compound Formation and Crystal StructureDifferences
  Solubility Range of Compounds and Critical Defect Density
  Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Amorphization
  Phase Stability in Reactor Core Component Alloys
 Radiation Materials
 
 Physical Effects of Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 Unique Effects of Ion Irradiation
  Ion Irradiation Techniques
  Composition Changes
  Sputtering
  GibbsianAdsorption
  Recoil Implantation
  Cascade (Isotropic, Displacement) Mixing
  Combination of Processes Affecting Surface Compositional Changes
  Implant Re-DistributionDuring Ion Implantation
  Other Effects of Ion Implantation
  Grain Growth
  Texture
  DislocationMicrostructure
  High Dose Gas Loading: Blistering and Exfoilation
  Solid Phases and Inert Gas Bubble Lattices
 Radiation Materials
 
 Physical Effects of Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 Radiation-Induced Segregation
  Radiation-Induced Segregation in Concentrated Binary Alloys
  Solution to the Coupled Partial Differential Equations
  Interstitial Binding
  Solute Size Effect
  Effect of Temperature
  Effect of Dose Rate
  RIS in TernaryAlloys
  Effect of Local Composition Changes on RIS
  Effect of Solutes on RIS
  Examples of RIS in Austenitic Alloys
  RIS in Ferritic Alloys
 Radiation Materials
 
 Physical Effects of Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 The Radiation Damage Event
  Neutron-Nucleus Interactions
  Elastic Scattering
  Inelastic Scattering
  (n, 2n) Reactions
  (n, g) Reactions
  Interactions Between Ions andAtoms
  Interatomic Potentials
  Collision Kinematics
  Ionization Collisions
  Energy Loss Theory
  Range Calculations
 Radiation Materials
 
 Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 Radiation-Enhanced and Diffusion Defect Reaction Rate Theory
  Mixed Rate Control
  Point Defect Balance Equations
  Cases with Low Temperature
  Low Sink Density
  Intermediate Sink Density
  High Sink Density
  Case 4: High Temperature
  Properties of the Point Defect Balance Equations
  Deficiencies of the Simple Point Defect Balance Model
  Radiation-EnhancedDiffusion
  Defect Reactions
  Defect Production
  Recombination
  Loss to Sinks
  Sink Strengths
  Reaction Rate-Controlled Processes
  Defect-Void Interaction
  Defect-Dislocation Interaction
  Diffusion-Limited Reactions
  Defect-Void Reactions
  Defect-Dislocation Reactions
  Defect-Grain Boundary Reactions
  Coherent Precipitates and Solutes
 Radiation Materials
 
 Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 Point Defect Formation and Diffusion
  Properties of Irradiation-Induced Defects
  Interstitials
  Multiple Interstitials
  Interstitial-Impurity Complexes
  Vacancies
  Multiple Vacancies
  Solute-Defect and Impurity-DefectClusters
  Thermodynamics of Point Defect Formation
  Diffusion of Point Defects
  Macroscopic Description ofDiffusion
  Mechanisms of Diffusion
  MicroscopicDescription of Diffusion
  Jump Frequency, G
  Jump Frequency, w
  Equations for D
  CorrelatedDiffusion
  Diffusion in Multicomponent Systems
  Diffusion alongHigh Diffusivity Paths
 Radiation Materials
 
 Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 The Damage Cascade
  Displacement Mean Free Path
  Primary Recoil Spectrum
  Cascade Damage Energy and Cascade Volume
  Computer Simulations of RadiationDamage
  Binary Collision Approximation (BCA) Method
  MolecularDynamics (MD)Method
  KineticMonte Carlo (KMC)Method
  Stages of Cascade Development
  Behavior of Defects within the Cascade
 Radiation Materials
 
 Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 The Displacement of Atoms
  Elementary Displacement Theory
  Displacement Probability
  The Kinchin and Pease Model for Atom Displacements
  The Displacement Energy
  The Electron Energy Loss Limit
  Modifications to the K-P Displacement Model
  Consideration of Ed in the Energy Balance
  Realistic Energy Transfer Cross Sections
  Energy Loss by Electronic Excitation
  Effects of Crystallinity
  The Displacement Cross Section
  Elastic Scattering
  Inelastic Scattering
  (n, 2n) and (n, g) Displacements
  Modifications to the K-P Model and Total Displacement Cross Section
  Displacement Rates
  Correlation of Property Changes and Irradiation Dose
  Displacements from Charged Particle Irradiation
 Radiation Materials
 
 Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Irradiated Metals and Alloys
  Stress Corrosion Cracking
  SCC Tests
  SCC Processes
  Metallurgical Condition
  Crack Initiation and Crack Propagation
  Mechanisms of Stress Corrosion Cracking
  PredictiveModel for Crack Propagation
  Mechanical FractureModels
  Corrosion Fatigue
  Hydrogen Embrittlement
  Effects of Irradiation on Water Chemistry
  Radiolysis and its Effect on Corrosion Potential
  Effect of Corrosion Potential on IASCC
  Service and Laboratory Observations of Irradiation Effects on SCC
  Austenitic Alloys
  Ferritic Alloys
  Mechanisms of IASCC
  Grain Boundary Chromium Depletion
  Irradiation Hardening
  DeformationMode
  Selective InternalOxidation
  Irradiation-Induced Creep
 Radiation Materials
 
 Mechanical Effects of Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 Irradiation Hardening and Deformation
  Elastic and Plastic Deformation
  Elasticity
  Plasticity
  Tension Test
  Yield Strength
  Irradiation Hardening
  SourceHardening
  Friction Hardening
  Superposition of Hardening Mechanisms
  Hardening in Polycrystals
  Saturation of Irradiation Hardening
  Comparison ofMeasured and PredictedHardening
  RadiationAnneal Hardening
  The Correlation Between Hardness and Yield Strength
  Deformation in Irradiated Metals
  DeformationMechanismMaps
  LocalizedDeformation
 Radiation Materials
 
 Mechanical Effects of Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 Fracture and Embrittlement
  The Cohesive Strength ofMetals
  FractureMechanics
  FractureMechanics Tests
  Elastic-Plastic FractureMechanics
  Types of Fracture
  Brittle Fracture
  Irradiation-Induced Embrittlement in Ferritic Steels
  Notched Bar Impact Testing
  DBTT and Reduction in the Upper Shelf Energy
  Master CurveApproach
  Factors Affecting the Degree of Embrittlement
  Embrittlement of Ferritic-Martensitic Steels
  Annealing and Re-Irradiation
  Fatigue
  Fracture and Fatigue of Austenitic Alloys at Low to Intermediate Temperatures
  Effect of Irradiation on Fracture Toughness
  Effect of Irradiation on Fatigue
  High-Temperature Embrittlement
  Grain Boundary Voids and Bubbles
  Grain Boundary Sliding
  Grain Boundary Crack Growth
  FractureMechanismMaps
 Radiation Materials
 
 Mechanical Effects of Radiation Damage
 >>New Map
 Irradiation Creep and Growth
  Thermal Creep
  Dislocation Creep
  Diffusional Creep
  Irradiation Creep
  Stress-Induced Preferential Nucleation of Loops (SIPN)
  Stress-Induced Preferential Absorption (SIPA)
  Climb and Glide due to Preferential Absorption (PAG)
  Climb and Glide Driven by Dislocation Bias
  Transient Creep
  Loop Unfaulting
  Recovery Creep
  Diffusional Creep: Why There is no Effect of Irradiation
  Comparison of Theorywith Creep Data
  0 Irradiation-Modified DeformationMechanism Map
  Irradiation Growth and Creep in Zirconium Alloys
  Microstructure of Irradiated Zirconium Alloys
  Irradiation Growth
  Irradiation Creep
 Radiation Materials
 
 Mechanical Effects of Radiation Damage